INDIAN SPACE PROGRAMME
The Arya-siddhanta, a lost work on astronomical computations, is known through the writings of Aryabhata's contemporary Varahamihira, as well as through later mathematicians and commentators including Brahmagupta and Bhaskara I. This work appears to be based on the older Surya Siddhanta, and uses the midnight-day-reckoning, as opposed to sunrise in Aryabhatiya. This also contained a description of several astronomical instruments, the gnomon (shanku-yantra), a shadow instrument (chhAyA-yantra), possibly angle-measuring devices, semi-circle and circle shaped (dhanur-yantra / chakra-yantra), a cylindrical stick yasti-yantra, an umbrella-shaped device called chhatra-yantra, and water clocks of at least two types, bow-shaped and cylindrical.He also told about Place Value system and zero. The number place-value system, first seen in the 3rd century Bakhshali Manuscript was clearly in place in his work; he certainly did not use the symbol.He said“Pi” as Irrational.Aryabhata worked on the approximation for Pi (π), and may have realized that π is irrational. In the second part of the Aryabhatiyam , he writes
Chronology of the space age in the world:
GyanDarshan-Iis a satellite based TV channel devoted to educational and developmental needs of the society. Then there is GyanDarshan-II / Edusat, which is an exclusive educational satellite to provide interactive education using DVB-RCS technology. It offers distance education through Virtual Class Room mode and provides access to digital repository of educational content hosted at IGNOU. The GyanVani educational FM Radio network provides programmes covering different aspects and levels of education including Primary and Secondary Education, Adult Education, Technical and vocational Education, Higher Education and Extension Education.Eklavya Technology Channel, sometimes referred as Gyan Darshan 3, is an indian satellite distant learning channel initiated and operated by the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) and Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU). The channel is transmited via INSAT 3C satellite.
Triggering factor of this project
Gyandarshan, Gyanvani and Edusat are pioneering moves by Indira Gandhi National Open University to bring about notable changes in the age old education system through web casting facilities.
Business model of this project
The Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), established by an Act of Parliament in 1985, has continuously striven to build an inclusive knowledge society through inclusive education. It has tried to increase the Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) by offering high-quality teaching through the Open and Distance Learning (ODL) mode.
BHUVAN:ISRO’s Answer to google Earth
A Geoportal of Indian Space Research Organisation Showcasing Indian Imaging Capabilities in Multi-sensor, Multi-platform and Multi-temporal domain. This Earth browser gives a gateway to explore and discover virtual earth in 3D space with specific emphasis on Indian Region.
- Bhuvan evinces Indian Imaging capabilities
- Portrays Rich Thematic Information towards Societal applications
- Experience OGC web services enabling interoperability
- Robust API for ease of development and integration
- Interactive 3D modeling and guided tours.
· The Indian space Programme began in1962. In 1969 the Indian space Research Organizatiion (ISRO) was set up with headquarters in Banglore for the purpose of rapid development in space technology andits application. In 1972, space commission was established. In 1975, India launched its first satellite,Aryabhata, and thus entered the space age.
· Over the last two and half decades, the Indian space programme has made impressive progress through a well integrated, self-reliant programme. Its main objectives are – (i) Mass Communication and education via Satellite; (ii) Survey and management of natural resources through remote sensing technology, environmental monitoring and meteorological forecasting and (iii) Development of indigenous satellites and satellite launch vehicles.
· INDIAN SPACE RESEARCH ORGANIZATION
Indian space research organization (ISRO), set up in 1969 at Ahmedabad with Prof. Vikram Sarabhai as chairman is the apex body to provide guidelines, formulate policies and monitor implementation of the national space policy.
· OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
· (i) Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC)- VSSC at Thiruvananhapuram is the head center for the development of satellite launch vehicles and associated technology.
· (ii) ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC)- ISAC at Banglore is the lead center for developing satellite technology and implementation of satellite system for scientific technological and applications missions.
· (iii) Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR- SDSC SHAR is the main launch center of ISRO and has facilities for solid propellant casting, static testing of solid motors, launch vehicles integration and launch operations, range operation comprising telemetry tracking and command network and mission control center.
· (iv) Liquid Propulsion System Centre (LPSC) – LPSC is the lead centre in development of liquid and cryogenic propulsion for launch vehicles and satellites.
· (v) Space Applications Centre (SAC)- SAC at Ahmedabad is engaged in the development of pay loads for communication, meteorological and remote sensing satellites.
· (vi) Development and Educational Communication- Unit (DECU)- DECU at Ahmedabad is involved in the conception, definition, planning, implementation and socio-economic evaluation of innovative configuration for space applications.
· (vii) ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command- Network (ISTRAC)- ISTRAC provides mission support to low-earth orbit satellites as well as launch vehicle missions.
· (viii) Master Control Facility- MCF at Hassan in Karnataka and Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh monitors and controls all the geo-stationary satellites of ISRO.
· (ix) ISRO inertial system Unit (IISU)- IISU at Thiruvanathpuram carries out resource and development in inertial sensors and systems.
· (x) National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) – NRSA at Hyderabad is an autonomous institution under DOS. The agency is responsible for satellite data acquisition and processing data dissemination, aerial remote sensing and decision support for disaster management.
· (xi) Physical Research Laboratory (PRL)- PRL at Ahmedabad, is an autonomous institution supported mainly by DOS. It is premier institute for multi-disciplinary research in astronomy and astrophysics, earth sciences, planetary sciences, space sciences and basic science.
· (xii) National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL)- NARL at Gadanki near Tirupati is an autonomous society supported by DOS. It is a premier centre for atmospheric research facilities like Mesosphere, Stratospheretroposphere radar, LIDAR etc.
· (xiii) Regional Remote Sensing Service Centres – (PRSSC) – Five PRSSCs have been established by the DOS at Banglore, Jodhpur, Kharagpur, Dehradun and Nagpur. PRSSCs support the various remote sensing tasks specific to their regions as well as at the national level.
· (xiv) North Eastern – Space Application Centre (NE SAC)- NE-SAC, located at Shillong, is a joint initiatives of DOS and North Eastern Council to provide development support to the North Eastern region using space science and technology.
· (xv) Antrix Corporation Limited – The Antrix Corporation Limited, Banglore is the apex marketing agency under DOS with access to resources of DOS as well as Indian space industries.
· (xvi) Semi-Conductor Laboratory (SCL)- SCL is entrusted with design and development of very large scale integration ( VLSI) devices and development of systems for telecommunications and space sectors.
· For the past four decades, ISRO has launched more than 60 satellites for various scientific and technological applications like mobile communications, Direct-to-Home services, meteorological observations, telemedicine, tele-education, disaster warning, radio networking, search and rescue operations, remote sensing and scientific studies of the space.
ISRO has established two major space systems, the Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) series for communication, television broadcasting and meteorological services which is Geo-Stationary Satellites, and Indian Remote Sensing Satellites (IRS) system for resources monitoring and management which is Earth Observation Satellites. ISRO has launched Space Science Missions to explore the space.
Geo-Stationary Satellites
ISRO has established two major space systems, the Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) series for communication, television broadcasting and meteorological services which is Geo-Stationary Satellites, and Indian Remote Sensing Satellites (IRS) system for resources monitoring and management which is Earth Observation Satellites. ISRO has launched Space Science Missions to explore the space.
Geo-Stationary Satellites
·
· The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system which are placed in Geo-stationary orbits is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in Asia-Pacific region. Established in 1983 with commissioning of INSAT-1B, it initiated a major revolution in India’s communications sector and sustained the same later.
· Earth Observation Satellites
·
· Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite system was commissioned with the launch of IRS-1A, in 1988. With eleven satellites in operation, IRS is the largest civilian remote sensing satellite constellation in the world providing imageries in a variety of spatial resolutions, spectral bands and swaths. The data is used for several applications covering agriculture, water resources, urban development, mineral prospecting, environment, forestry, drought and flood forecasting, ocean resources and disaster management.
Navigation Programme
Navigation Programme
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· IRNSS
This is an independent Indian Satellite based positioning system for critical National applications. The main objective is to provide Reliable Position, Navigation and Timing services over India and its neighbourhood, to provide fairly good accuracy to the user. The IRNSS will provide basically two types of services
1.Standard Positioning Service (SPS)
2.Restricted Service (RS)
Space Segment consists of seven satellites, three satellites in GEO stationary orbit (GEO) and four satellites in Geo Synchronous Orbit (GSO) orbit with inclination of 29° to the equatorial plane. All the satellites will be visible at all times in the Indian region. The first satellite is scheduled to be launched in 2013 and the total seven satellite constellation is scheduled to be in place by 2016. Ground Segment is responsible for the maintenance and operation of the IRNSS constellation. It provides the monitoring of the constellation status, computation of the orbital and clock parameters and navigation data uploading. The Ground segment comprises of TTC & Uplinking Stations, Spacecraft Control Centre, IRNSS Timing Centre, CDMA Ranging Stations, Navigation Control Centre and Data Communication Links. Space segment is compatible with single frequency receiver for Standard Positioning Service (SPS), dual frequency receiver for both SPS & RS service and a multi mode receiver compatible with other GNSS providers.
GAGAN
The Ministry of Civil Aviation has decided to implement an indigenous Satellite-Based Regional GPS Augmentation System also known as Space-Based Augmentation System (SBAS) as part of the Satellite-Based Communications, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS)/Air Traffic Management (ATM) plan for civil aviation. The Indian SBAS system has been given an acronym GAGAN - GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation. A national plan for satellite navigation including implementation of Technology Demonstration System (TDS) over the Indian air space as a proof of concept has been prepared jointly by Airports Authority of India (AAI) and ISRO. TDS was successfully completed during 2007 by installing eight Indian Reference Stations (INRESs) at eight Indian airports and linked to the Master Control Center (MCC) located near Bangalore.
Space Science Mission
This is an independent Indian Satellite based positioning system for critical National applications. The main objective is to provide Reliable Position, Navigation and Timing services over India and its neighbourhood, to provide fairly good accuracy to the user. The IRNSS will provide basically two types of services
1.Standard Positioning Service (SPS)
2.Restricted Service (RS)
Space Segment consists of seven satellites, three satellites in GEO stationary orbit (GEO) and four satellites in Geo Synchronous Orbit (GSO) orbit with inclination of 29° to the equatorial plane. All the satellites will be visible at all times in the Indian region. The first satellite is scheduled to be launched in 2013 and the total seven satellite constellation is scheduled to be in place by 2016. Ground Segment is responsible for the maintenance and operation of the IRNSS constellation. It provides the monitoring of the constellation status, computation of the orbital and clock parameters and navigation data uploading. The Ground segment comprises of TTC & Uplinking Stations, Spacecraft Control Centre, IRNSS Timing Centre, CDMA Ranging Stations, Navigation Control Centre and Data Communication Links. Space segment is compatible with single frequency receiver for Standard Positioning Service (SPS), dual frequency receiver for both SPS & RS service and a multi mode receiver compatible with other GNSS providers.
GAGAN
The Ministry of Civil Aviation has decided to implement an indigenous Satellite-Based Regional GPS Augmentation System also known as Space-Based Augmentation System (SBAS) as part of the Satellite-Based Communications, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS)/Air Traffic Management (ATM) plan for civil aviation. The Indian SBAS system has been given an acronym GAGAN - GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation. A national plan for satellite navigation including implementation of Technology Demonstration System (TDS) over the Indian air space as a proof of concept has been prepared jointly by Airports Authority of India (AAI) and ISRO. TDS was successfully completed during 2007 by installing eight Indian Reference Stations (INRESs) at eight Indian airports and linked to the Master Control Center (MCC) located near Bangalore.
Space Science Mission
·
· Indian space programme encompasses research in areas like astronomy, astrophysics, planetary and earth sciences, atmospheric sciences and theoretical physics. Balloons, sounding rockets, space platforms and ground-based facilities support these research efforts. A series of sounding rockets are available for atmospheric experiments. Several scientific instruments have been flown on satellites especially to direct celestial X-ray and gamma-ray bursts.
·
· Launch Vehicles are used to transport and put satellites or spacecrafts into space. In India, the launch vehicles development programme began in the early 1970s. The first experimental Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-3) was developed in 1980. An Augmented version of this, ASLV, was launched successfully in 1992. India has made tremendous strides in launch vehicle technology to achieve self-reliance in satellite launch vehicle programme with the operationalisation of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV).
ISRO also makes the Rohini series of sounding rockets used by the Indian and international scientific community to launch payloads to various altitudes for atmospheric research and other scientific investigations. These rockets are also used to qualify some of the critical systems used for advanced launch vehicles.
ISRO also makes the Rohini series of sounding rockets used by the Indian and international scientific community to launch payloads to various altitudes for atmospheric research and other scientific investigations. These rockets are also used to qualify some of the critical systems used for advanced launch vehicles.
· Satellite Launch Vehicle-3 (SLV-3), India's first experimental satellite launch vehicle was successfully launched on July 18, 1980 from SHAR Centre Sriharikota, when Rohini satellite, RS-1, was placed in orbit. SLV-3 was a 22 m long, all solid, four stage vehicle weighing 17 tonnes capable of placing 40 kg class payloads in low earth orbit.
It employed an open loop guidance (with stored pitch programme) to steer the vehicle in flight along pre-determined trajectory. The first experimental flight of SLV-3, in August 1979, was only partially successful. Apart from the July 1980 launch, there were two more launches held in May 1981 and April 1983, orbiting Rohini satellites carrying remote sensing sensors.
It employed an open loop guidance (with stored pitch programme) to steer the vehicle in flight along pre-determined trajectory. The first experimental flight of SLV-3, in August 1979, was only partially successful. Apart from the July 1980 launch, there were two more launches held in May 1981 and April 1983, orbiting Rohini satellites carrying remote sensing sensors.
· Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) was developed to act as a low cost intermediate vehicle to demonstrate and validate critical technologies. With a lift off weight of 40 tonnes, the 23.8 m tall ASLV was configured as a five stage, all-solid propellant vehicle, with a mission of orbiting 150 kg class satellites into 400 km circular orbits. The strap-on stage consisted of two identical 1m diameter solid propellant motors, Under the ASLV programme four developmental flights were conducted.
The first developmental flight took place on March 24, 1987 and the second on July 13, 1988. ASLV-D3 was successfully launched on May 20, 1992, when SROSS-C (106 kg) was put into an orbit of 255 x 430 km. ASLV-D4, launched on May 4, 1994, orbited SROSS-C2 weighing 106 kg. It had two payloads, Gamma Ray Burst (GRB) Experiment and Retarding Potentio Analyser (RPA) and functioned for seven years. ASLV provided valuable inputs for further development.
The first developmental flight took place on March 24, 1987 and the second on July 13, 1988. ASLV-D3 was successfully launched on May 20, 1992, when SROSS-C (106 kg) was put into an orbit of 255 x 430 km. ASLV-D4, launched on May 4, 1994, orbited SROSS-C2 weighing 106 kg. It had two payloads, Gamma Ray Burst (GRB) Experiment and Retarding Potentio Analyser (RPA) and functioned for seven years. ASLV provided valuable inputs for further development.
· The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle,usually known by its abbreviation PSLV is the first operational launch vehicle of ISRO. PSLV is capable of launching 1600 kg satellites in 620 km sun-synchronous polar orbit and 1050 kg satellite in geo-synchronous transfer orbit. In the standard configuration, it measures 44.4 m tall, with a lift off weight of 295 tonnes. PSLV has four stages using solid and liquid propulsion systems alternately. The first stage is one of the largest solid propellant boosters in the world and carries 139 tonnes of propellant. A cluster of six strap-ons attached to the first stage motor, four of which are ignited on the ground and two are air-lit.
The reliability rate of PSLV has been superb. With its variant configurations, PSLV has proved its multi-payload, multi-mission capability in a single launch and its geosynchronous launch capability. In the Chandrayaan-mission, another variant of PSLV with an extended version of strap-on motors, PSOM-XL, the payload haul was enhanced to 1750 kg in 620 km SSPO. PSLV has rightfully earned the status of workhorse launch vehicle of ISRO.
GSLV Mk I & II
The reliability rate of PSLV has been superb. With its variant configurations, PSLV has proved its multi-payload, multi-mission capability in a single launch and its geosynchronous launch capability. In the Chandrayaan-mission, another variant of PSLV with an extended version of strap-on motors, PSOM-XL, the payload haul was enhanced to 1750 kg in 620 km SSPO. PSLV has rightfully earned the status of workhorse launch vehicle of ISRO.
GSLV Mk I & II
· Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle(GSLV)-Mark I&II ,is capable of placing INSAT–II class of satellites (2000 – 2,500 kg) into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO). GSLV is a three stage vehicle GSLV is 49 m tall, with 414 t lift off weight. It has a maximum diameter of 3.4 m at the payload fairing. First stage comprises S125 solid booster with four liquid (L40) strap-ons. Second stage (GS2) is liquid engine and the third stage (GS3) is a cryo stage. The vehicle develops a lift off thrust of 6573 kn.
GSLV Mk III
GSLV Mk III
· The GSLV-III or Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III , is a launch vehicle currently under development by the Indian Space Research Organization. GSLV Mk III is conceived and designed to make ISRO fully self reliant in launching heavier communication satellites of INSAT-4 class, which weigh 4500 to 5000 kg. It would also enhance the capability of the country to be a competitive player in the multimillion dollar commercial launch market. The vehicle envisages multi-mission launch capability for GTO, LEO, Polar and intermediate circular orbits.
GSLV-Mk III is designed to be a three stage vehicle, with 42.4 m tall with a lift off weight of 630 tonnes. First stage comprises two identical S200 Large Solid Booster (LSB) with 200 tonne solid propellant, that are strapped on to the second stage, the L110 re-startable liquid stage. The third stage is the C25 LOX/LH2 cryo stage. The large payload fairing measures 5 m in diameter and can accommodate a payload volume of 100 cu m.
GSLV-Mk III is designed to be a three stage vehicle, with 42.4 m tall with a lift off weight of 630 tonnes. First stage comprises two identical S200 Large Solid Booster (LSB) with 200 tonne solid propellant, that are strapped on to the second stage, the L110 re-startable liquid stage. The third stage is the C25 LOX/LH2 cryo stage. The large payload fairing measures 5 m in diameter and can accommodate a payload volume of 100 cu m.
INDIA’S MOON MISSION
Chandrayaan-1: India's First Lunar Mission
Chandrayaan I, the Indian spacecraft, successfully reached the lunar surface at 20:31 hrs on November 14, 2008. It is actually the first Indian-built object to reach the surface of the Moon.
With the launch of the mission, India joined a select band of countries who have undertaken lunar missions by launching the first unmanned mission to the Moon.
The flight was conducted from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), Sriharikota on October 22, 2008. The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, PSLV-C11, successfully launched the 1380 kg Chandrayaan I spacecraft into a transfer orbit with a perigee of 255 km and an apogee of 22,860 km, inclined at an angle of 17.9 degree to the equator.
Journey of Chandrayaan-I
Chandrayaan was first made to circle the Earth in its transfer orbit, and then was put into elliptical "extended transfer orbits" by repeatedly firing its liquid engine in a pre-determined sequence. Consequently, the liquid engine was once more fired to make the spacecraft travel to the vicinity of the Moon by following a path called the "Lunar Transfer Trajectory (LTT)."
Chandrayaan was first made to circle the Earth in its transfer orbit, and then was put into elliptical "extended transfer orbits" by repeatedly firing its liquid engine in a pre-determined sequence. Consequently, the liquid engine was once more fired to make the spacecraft travel to the vicinity of the Moon by following a path called the "Lunar Transfer Trajectory (LTT)."
Findings of Chandrayaan I
The cameras on board Chandrayaan I, which were named the terrain mapping camera (TMC) and hyper-spectral imager (HySI), were switched on and excellent quality pictures of the lunar surface were taken. All the payloads resulted in a satisfactory operation. Chandrayaan I has successfully demonstrated India's capability and proficiency in carrying out highly complex space missions. It should be noted that the successful launch of Chandrayaan I has paved the way for undertaking missions to the Moon and beyond.
CURIOSITY
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Engineers at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory designed the rover to roll over obstacles up to 25 inches (65 centimeters) high and to travel about 660 feet (200 meters) per day. The rover's power comes from a multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator, which produces electricity from the heat of plutonium-238's radioactive decay.
From a fiery entry into the atmosphere, a supersonic parachute needed to deploy to slow the spacecraft down. NASA officials said the parachute would need to withstand 65,000 pounds (29,480 kg) to break the spacecraft's fall to the surface.
Under the parachute, MSL let go of the bottom of its heat shield so that it could get a radar fix on the surface and figure out its altitude.
The parachute could only slow MSL to 200 mph (322 kph), far too fast for landing. To solve the problem, engineers designed the assembly to cut off the parachute, and use rockets for the final part of the landing sequence.
NASA personnel tensely watched the rover's descent on live television. When they received confirmation that Curiosity was safe, engineers pumped fists and jumped up and down in jubilation.
News of the landing spread through social media, such as Twitter and Facebook, and traditional outlets such as newspapers and television. One engineer became famous because of the Mohawk he sported on landing day.
Tools for finding clues to life
The rover has a few tools to search for habitability. Among them is an experiment that bombards the surface with neutrinos, which would slow down if they encounter hydrogen atoms: one of the elements of water.Curiosity's 7-foot arm can pick up samples from the surface and cook them inside the rover, sniffing the gases that come out of there and analyzing them for clues as to how the rocks and soil formed.
The Sample Analysis of Mars instrument, if it does pick up evidence of organic material, can double-check that. On Curiosity's front, under foil covers, are several ceramic blocks infused with artificial organic compounds.
Curiosity can drill into each of these blocks and place a sample into its oven to measure its composition. Researchers will then see if organics appear that were not supposed to be in the block. If so, scientists will likely determine these are organisms hitchhiking from Earth.
High-resolution cameras surrounding the rover take pictures as it moves, providing visual information that can be compared to environments on Earth. This was used when Curiosity found evidence of a streambed, for example.
Primary mission: Can, or could, Mars support life?
Curiosity's prime mission is to determine if Mars is, or was, suitable for life. While it is not designed to find life itself, the rover carries a number of instruments on board that can bring back information about the surrounding environment.Curiosity also made the first definitive identification of organics on Mars, as announced in December 2014. Organics are considered life's building blocks, but do not necessarily point to the existence of life as they can also be created through chemical reactions.
“While the team can't conclude that there was life at Gale crater, the discovery shows that the ancient environment offered a supply of reduced organic molecules for use as building blocks for life and an energy source for life,” NASA stated at the time.
Vapors from a "wet chemistry" experiment filled with a fluid called MTBSTFA (N-methyl-N-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-trifluoroacetamide) contaminated a gas-sniffing analysis instrument shortly after Curiosity landed.
Second mission objective: Check out the environment
Besides hunting for habitability, Curiosity has other instruments on board that are designed to learn more about the environment surrounding it. Among those goals is to have a continuous record of weather and radiation observations to determine how suitable the site would be for an eventual human mission.
Curiosity's Radiation Assessment Detector runs for 15 minutes every hour to measure a swath of radiation on the ground and in the atmosphere.
Scientists in particular are interested in measuring "secondary rays" or radiation that can generate lower-energy particles after it hits the gas molecules in the atmosphere. Gamma rays or neutrons generated by this process can cause a risk to humans. Additionally, an ultraviolet sensor stuck on Curiosity's deck tracks radiation continuously.
In December 2013, NASA determined the radiation levels measured by Curiosity were manageable for a crewed Mars mission in the future. A mission with 180 days flying to Mars, 500 days on the surface and 180 days heading back to Earth would create a dose of 1.01 sieverts, Curiosity's Radiation Assessment Detector determined. The total lifetime limit for European Space Agency astronauts is 1 sievert, which is associated with a 5-percent increase in fatal cancer risk over a person's lifetime.
The Rover Environmental Monitoring Station measures the wind's speed and chart its direction, as well as determining temperature and humidity in the surrounding air.
Technical snags and milestones
Curiosity ran into its first major problem in February 2013, when a computer glitch punted the roving laboratory into safe mode for a few days. The issue caused an interruption of normal science activities, but did not impact the rover's long-term health.But a more long-term problem has been the state of the rover's wheels. While some damage was expected, by 2014 controllers were making accommodations in the rover's routing to slow down the appearance of dings and holes.
"They are taking damage. That's the surprise we got back at the end of last year," said Jim Erickson, Curiosity project manager at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California in a July 2014 interview. "We always expected we would get some holes in the wheels as we drove. It's just the magnitude of what we're seeing that was the surprise."
In September 2014, Curiosity arrived at its science destination, Mount Sharp (Aeolis Mons) shortly after a NASA science review said the rover should do less driving and more searching for habitable destinations. Its next move will be carefully evaluating the layers on the slope and moving uphill to see what lies there.
NASA pioneered a new drilling technique at Mount Sharp in February 2015 to begin operations at a lower setting, a requirement for working with the soft rock in some of the region. (Previously, a rock sample shattered after being probed with the drill.) The rover's arm experienced a short circuit in late February that was likely related to the drill, NASA said. This could change drilling procedures in the future.
Satellites
Satellite
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Launch Date
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Launch Vehicle
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Remarks
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Aryabhata
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19 April 1975
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u-11 Interkosmos
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Active technological experience in building and operating a satellite system.
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[1]
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Bhaskara-I
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7 June 1979
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C-1 Interkosmos
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First experimental remote sensing satellite. Carried TV and microwave cameras.
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[2]
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Rohini Technology Payload
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10 August 1979
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SLV-3
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Intended for measuring in-flight performance of first experimental flight of SLV-3, the first Indian launch vehicle. Did not achieve orbit.
|
[3]
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Rohini RS-1
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18 July 1980
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SLV-3
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Used for measuring in-flight performance of second experimental launch of SLV-3.
|
[4]
|
Rohini RS-D1
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31 May 1981
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SLV-3
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Used for conducting some remote sensing technology studies using a landmark sensor payload.Launched by the first developmental launch of SLV-3.
|
[5]
|
Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment
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19 June 1981
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Ariane-1 (V-3)
|
First experimental communication satellite. Provided experience in building and operating a payload experiment three-axis stabilised communication satellite.
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[6]
|
Bhaskara –II
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20 November 1981
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C-1 Intercosmos
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Second experimental remote sensing satellite; similar to Bhaskara-1. Provided experience in building and operating a remote sensing satellite system on an end-to-end basis.
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[7]
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INSAT-1A
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10 April 1982
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Delta 3910 PAM-D
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First operational multipurpose communication and meteorology satellite. Procured from USA. Worked for only six months.
|
[8]
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Rohini RS-D2
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17 April 1983
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SLV-3
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Identical to RS-D1. Launched by the second developmental launch of SLV-3.
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[9]
|
INSAT-1B
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30 August 1983
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Shuttle [PAM-D]
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Identical to INSAT-1A. Served for more than design life of seven years.
|
[10]
|
Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-1)
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24 March 1987
|
ASLV
|
Carried payload for launch vehicle performance monitoring and for gamma ray astronomy. Did not achieve orbit.
|
[11]
|
IRS-1A
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17 March 1988
|
Vostok
|
Earth observation satellite. First operational remote sensing satellite.
|
[12]
|
Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-2)
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13 July 1988
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ASLV
|
Carried remote sensing payload of German space agency in addition to Gamma Ray astronomy payload. Did not achieve orbit.
|
[13]
|
INSAT-1C
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21 July 1988
|
Ariane-3
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Same as INSAT-1A. Served for only one-and-a-half years.
|
[14]
|
INSAT-1D
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12 June 1990
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Delta 4925
|
Identical to INSAT-1A. Still in service. A third stage motor landed from its launch, landed in Australia in 2008.
|
[15]
|
IRS-1B
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29 August 1991
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Vostok
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Earth observation satellite. Improved version of IRS-1A.
|
[16]
|
INSAT-2DT
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26 February 1992
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Ariane-44L H10
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Launched as Arabsat 1C. Procured in orbit from Arabsat in January 1998.
|
[17]
|
Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-C)
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20 May 1992
|
ASLV
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Carried gamma ray astronomy and aeronomy payload.
|
[18]
|
INSAT-2A
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10 July 1992
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Ariane-44L H10
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First satellite in the second-generation Indian-built INSAT-2 series. Has enhanced capability over INSAT-1 series. Still in service.
|
[19]
|
INSAT-2B
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23 July 1993
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Ariane-44L H10+
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Second satellite in INSAT-2 series. Identical to INSAT-2A. Still in service.
|
[20]
|
IRS-1E
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20 September 1993
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PSLV-D1
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Earth observation satellite. Did not achieve orbit.
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[21]
|
Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-C2)
|
4 May 1994
|
ASLV
|
Identical to SROSS-C. Still in service.
|
[22]
|
IRS-P2
|
15 October 1994
|
PSLV-D2
|
Earth observation satellite. Launched by second developmental flight of PSLV.Mission accomplished after 3 years of service in 1997.
|
[23]
|
INSAT-2C
|
7 December 1995
|
Ariane-44L H10-3
|
Has additional capabilities such as mobile satellite service, business communication and television outreach beyond Indian boundaries. Still in service.
|
[24]
|
IRS-1C
|
29 December 1995
|
Molniya
|
Earth observation satellite. Launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome.
|
[25]
|
IRS-P3
|
21 March 1996
|
PSLV-D3
|
Earth observation satellite. Carries remote sensing payload and an X-ray astronomy payload. Launched by third developmental flight of PSLV.
|
[26]
|
INSAT-2D
|
4 June 1997
|
Ariane-44L H10-3
|
Same as INSAT-2C. Inoperable since 1997-10-04 due to power bus anomaly.
|
[27]
|
IRS-1D
|
29 September 1997
|
PSLV-C1
|
Earth observation satellite. Same as IRS-1C.
|
[28]
|
INSAT-2E
|
3 April 1999
|
Ariane-42P H10-3
|
Multipurpose communication and meteorological satellite
|
[29]
|
Oceansat-1 (IRSP4)
|
26 May 1999
|
PSLV-C2
|
Earth observation satellite. Carries an Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) and a Multifrequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer (MSMR).
|
[30]
|
INSAT-3B
|
22 March 2000
|
Ariane-5G
|
Multipurpose communication: business communication, developmental communication, and mobile communication.
|
[31]
|
GSAT-1
|
18 April 2001
|
GSLV-D1
|
Experimental satellite for the first developmental flight of Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, GSLV-D1.
|
[32]
|
Technology Experiment Satellite (TES)
|
22 October 2001
|
PSLV-C3
|
Experimental satellite to test technologies such as attitude and orbit control system, high-torque reaction wheels, new reaction control system, etc.
|
[33]
|
INSAT-3C
|
24 January 2002
|
Ariane-42L H10-3
|
Designed to augment the existing INSAT capacity for communication and broadcasting and provide continuity of the services of INSAT-2C.
|
[34]
|
Kalpana-1 (METSAT)
|
12 September 2002
|
PSLV-C4
|
First meteorological satellite built by ISRO. Originally named METSAT. Renamed after Kalpana Chawla who perished in the Space Shuttle Columbia.
|
[35]
|
INSAT-3A
|
10 April 2003
|
Ariane-5G
|
Multipurpose satellite for communication, broadcasting, and meteorological services along with INSAT-2E and Kalpana-1.
|
[36]
|
GSAT-2
|
8 May 2003
|
GSLV-D2
|
Experimental satellite for the second developmental test flight of Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV)
|
[37]
|
INSAT-3E
|
28 September 2003
|
Ariane-5G
|
Communication satellite to augment the existing INSAT System.
|
[38]
|
RESOURCESAT-1 (IRS-P6)
|
17 October 2003
|
PSLV-C5
|
Earth observation/remote sensing satellite. Intended to supplement and replace IRS-1C and IRS-1D.
|
[39]
|
EDUSAT
|
20 October 2004
|
GSLV-F01
|
Also designated GSAT-3. India’s first exclusive educational satellite.
|
[40]
|
HAMSAT
|
5 May 2005
|
PSLV-C6
|
Microsatellite (42.5 kilograms) for providing satellite-based amateur radio services to the national as well as the international community.
|
[41]
|
CARTOSAT-1
|
5 May 2005
|
PSLV-C6
|
Earth observation satellite. Provides stereographic in-orbit images with a 2.5-meter resolution.
|
[42]
|
INSAT-4A
|
22 December 2005
|
Ariane-5GS
|
Advanced satellite for direct-to-home television broadcasting services.
|
[43]
|
INSAT-4C
|
10 July 2006
|
GSLV-F02
|
Geosynchronous communications satellite. Did not achieve orbit.
|
[44]
|
CARTOSAT-2
|
10 January 2007
|
PSLV-C7
|
Advanced remote sensing satellite carrying a panchromatic camera capable of providing scene-specific spot images.
|
[45]
|
Space Capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE1)
|
10 January 2007
|
PSLV-C7
|
Experimental satellite intended to demonstrate the technology of an orbiting platform for performing experiments in microgravity conditions. Launched as a co-passenger with CARTOSAT-2. SRE-1 was de-orbited and recovered successfully after 12 days over Bay of Bengal.
|
[46]
|
INSAT-4B
|
12 March 2007
|
Ariane-5ECA
|
Identical to INSAT-4A. Further augments the INSAT capacity for direct-to-home (DTH) television services and other communications. On the night of 7 July INSAT-4B experienced a power supply glitch which led to switching 'off' of 50 per cent of the transponder capacity (6 Ku and 6 C-Band transponders).
|
[47]
|
INSAT-4CR
|
2,September,2007
|
GSLV-F04
|
Identical to INSAT-4C. It carried 12 high-power Ku-band transponders designed to provide direct-to-home (DTH) television services, Digital Satellite News Gathering etc.
|
[48]
|
CARTOSAT-2A
|
28 April 2008
|
PSLV-C9
|
Earth observation/remote sensing satellite. Identical to CARTOSAT-2.
|
[49]
|
IMS-1 (Third World Satellite – TWsat)
|
28 April 2008
|
PSLV-C9
|
Low-cost microsatellite imaging mission. Launched as co-passenger with CARTOSAT-2A.
|
[50]
|
Chandrayaan-1
|
22 October 2008
|
PSLV-C11
|
Unmanned lunar probe. Carries 11 scientific instruments built in India, USA, UK, Germany, Sweden and Bulgaria.
|
[51]
|
RISAT-2
|
20 April 2009
|
PSLV-C12
|
Radar imaging satellite used to monitor India's borders and as part of anti-infiltration and anti-terrorist operations. Launched as a co-passenger with ANUSAT.
|
[52]
|
ANUSAT
|
20 April 2009
|
PSLV-C12
|
Research microsatellite designed at Anna University. Carries an amateur radio and technology demonstration experiments.
|
[53]
|
Oceansat-2 (IRS-P4)
|
23 September 2009
|
PSLV-C14
|
Gathers data for oceanographic, coastal and atmospheric applications. Continues mission of Oceansat-1.
|
[54]
|
GSAT-4
|
15 April 2010
|
GSLV-D3
|
Communications satellite technology demonstrator. Failed to reach orbit due to GSLV-D3 failure.
|
[55]
|
CARTOSAT-2B
|
12 July 2010
|
PSLV-C15
|
Earth observation/remote sensing satellite. Identical to CARTOSAT-2A.
|
[56]
|
StudSat
|
12 July 2010
|
PSLV-C15
|
First Indian pico-satellite (weighing less than 1 kg). Developed by a team from seven engineering colleges from Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
|
[57]
|
GSAT-5P / INSAT-4D
|
25 December 2010
|
GSLV-F06
|
C-band communication satellite, failed to reach orbit due to GSLV-F06 failure.
|
[58]
|
RESOURCESAT-2
|
20 April 2011
|
PSLV-C16
|
RESOURCESAT-2, ISRO's eighteenth remote-sensing satellite, followed RESOURCESAT-1. PSLV-C16 placed three spacecraft with a total payload mass of 1404 kg – RESOURCESAT-2 weighing 1206 kg, the Indo-Russian YOUTHSAT weighing 92 kg and Singapore's X-SAT weighing 106 kg – into an 822 km polar Sun Synchronous Orbit (SSO).
|
[59]
|
Youthsat
|
20 April 2011
|
PSLV-C16
|
Indo-Russian stellar and atmospheric satellite with the participation of university students. It weighed 92 kg
|
[60]
|
GSAT-8 / INSAT-4G
|
21 May 2011
|
Ariane-5 VA-202
|
Communications satellite carries 24 Ku-band transponders and 2 channel GAGAN payload operating in L1 and L5 band.
|
[61]
|
GSAT-12
|
15 July 2011
|
PSLV-C17
|
GSAT-12 communication satellite built by ISRO, weighs about 1410 kg at lift-off. GSAT-12 is configured to carry 12 Extended C-band transponders to meet the country's growing demand for transponders in a short turn-around-time.The 12 Extended C-band transponders of GSAT-12 will augment the capacity in the INSAT system for various communication services like Tele-education, Telemedicine and for Village Resource Centres (VRC).Mission life About 8 Years.
|
[62]
|
Megha-Tropiques
|
12 October 2011
|
PSLV-C18
|
Megha-Tropiques weighs about 1000 kg Lift-off Mass, developed jointly by ISRO and the French Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES). PSLV-C18 is configured to carry four satellites in which, one satellite, developed by India and France, will track the weather, two were developed by educational institutions, and the fourth is from Luxembourg.
|
[63]
|
Jugnu
|
12 October 2011
|
PSLV-C18
|
Nano-satellite weighing 3 kg developed by IIT Kanpur
|
[64]
|
RISAT-1
|
26 April 2012
|
PSLV-C19
|
RISAT-1, first indigenous all-weather Radar Imaging Satellite (RISAT-1), whose images will facilitate agriculture and disaster management weighs about 1858 kg.
|
[65]
|
SRMSAT
|
26 April 2012
|
PSLV-C18
|
Nano-satellite weighing 10.9 kg developed by SRM University.
|
[66]
|
GSAT-10
|
29 September 2012
|
Ariane-5 VA-209
|
GSAT-10, India’s advanced communication satellite, is a high power satellite being inducted into the INSAT system. Weighing 3400 kg at lift-off.
|
[67]
|
SARAL
|
25 February 2013
|
PSLV-C20
|
SARAL, The Satellite with ARGOS and ALTIKA (SARAL) is a joint Indo-French satellite mission for oceanographic studies.
|
[68]
|
IRNSS-1A
|
1 July 2013
|
PSLV-C22
|
IRNSS-1A is the first satellite in the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System(IRNSS). It is one of the seven spacecraft constituting the IRNSS space segment.
|
[69]
|
INSAT-3D
|
26 July 2013
|
Ariane-5
|
INSAT-3D is the meteorological Satellite with advanced weather monitoring payloads.
|
[70]
|
GSAT-7
|
30 August 2013
|
Ariane-5
|
GSAT-7 is the advanced multi-band communication satellite dedicated for military use.
|
[71]
|
Mars Orbiter Mission(MOM)
|
5 November 2013
|
PSLV-C25
|
The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), informally called Mangalyaan is India's first Mars orbiter.
|
[72]
|
GSAT-14
|
5 January 2014
|
GSLV-D5
|
GSAT-14 is the twenty third geostationary communication satellite of India to augment the In-orbit capacity of Extended C and Ku-band transponders.
|
[73]
|
IRNSS-1B
|
4 April 2014
|
PSLV-C24
|
IRNSS-1B is the second satellite in the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System(IRNSS).
|
[74]
|
IRNSS-1C
|
10 November 2014
|
PSLV-C26
|
IRNSS-1C is the third satellite in the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System(IRNSS).
|
[75]
|
GSAT-16
|
7 December 2014
|
Ariane-5
|
GSAT-16 is twenty fourth communication satellite of India configured to carry a total of 48 communication transponders.
|
[76]
|
IRNSS-1D
|
28 March 2015
|
PSLV-C27
|
IRNSS-1D is the fourth satellite in the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System(IRNSS).
|
[77]
|
SPACE SHIPS
Space ship
|
Launched on
|
Mars Odissi
|
Mars by NASA
|
Messesger
|
Mercury by NASA
|
Spirit Opportunity Rover
|
Mars by NASA
|
Mars express Beagle Rover
|
Mars by ESA(European space agency)
|
Kessini
|
Saturn by NASA
|
Hugens
|
Titan (satellite of Saturn by NASA )
|
Gallelio
|
Jupiter by NASA
|
Start-1
|
(ESA) moon
|
Selena
|
Moon by Japan
|
Star Dust
|
Wild-2 commit by NASA
|
Deep Impact(space shuttle)
|
Templetion commit NASA
|
New Horizons
|
Pluto (NASA)
|
Important dates:
1.Oct 4th - World space day
2.May 11th -Technology day
3.Feb 28th -Science day
4.Sep 15th -World engineers day
OCEAN RESEARCH
The National Institute of Oceanography(NIO) is one of 37 constituent laboratories of the CSIR(Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) an autonomous research organization in India.The institute has its headquarters in the coastal state of Goa, and regional centres in Kochi, Mumbai and Vizag.The institute was established on 1st Jan 1966.At the end of over 40 years it has grown today into a large oceanographic laboratory of internation repute mainly focusing on the understanding of special oceanographic features of the northern Indian Ocean.
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